In screenwriting, what’s left unsaid is often more powerful than what’s explicitly stated. Subtext—the underlying meaning beneath the dialogue and action—can make a script feel layered, authentic, and emotionally rich. Let’s explore how to use subtext effectively to say more with less in your screenplay.
1. What Is Subtext?
Subtext is the meaning that lies beneath the surface of the dialogue, actions, or situations in your script. It’s what the characters feel, think, or intend, even if they don’t say it outright.
- Examples of Subtext:
- In The Godfather, when Michael Corleone says, “I’m with you now, Pop,” the subtext is his reluctant acceptance of the family business.
- In When Harry Met Sally, their arguments about relationships are subtextually about their growing feelings for each other.
- Why It Matters:
- Subtext creates depth and intrigue, inviting the audience to read between the lines.
- It mirrors real-life communication, where people often conceal their true feelings or intentions.
2. Why Subtext Makes Dialogue Better
Flat, on-the-nose dialogue tells the audience everything upfront, leaving no room for interpretation. Subtext, however, keeps them engaged by adding complexity and mystery.
- Without Subtext:
- Character A: “I’m angry with you because you lied to me.”
- Character B: “I’m sorry I lied. I feel terrible.”
- With Subtext:
- Character A: “I hope you’re happy.”
- Character B: “I was just trying to help.”
- Pro Tip: Use subtext to show the conflict without stating it directly. Let the audience piece together the emotional undercurrents.
3. How to Use Subtext in Dialogue
a. Use Indirection
Characters often talk around their true feelings instead of addressing them head-on.
- Example: In Jaws, the discussion about scars between Quint, Hooper, and Brody is subtextually about their fear and respect for the shark.
- How to Do It:
- Think about what your characters want to say but can’t.
- Write dialogue that reveals these emotions indirectly.
b. Layer Meaning Through Context
Subtext relies on context to give dialogue a deeper meaning.
- Example: In Casablanca, when Rick says, “Here’s looking at you, kid,” it’s not just a toast—it’s a farewell and an acknowledgment of lost love.
- How to Do It:
- Consider what’s happening in the scene and how it influences what characters say and do.
- Use visual cues or actions to reinforce subtextual meaning.
c. Rely on Silence
Sometimes, subtext is most powerful when nothing is said.
- Example: In The Graduate, Benjamin and Elaine’s silence on the bus at the end of the film speaks volumes about their uncertainty and regret.
- How to Do It:
- Use pauses and silences to let emotions linger.
- Let the actors’ performances carry the weight of unspoken feelings.
4. Using Subtext in Actions
Subtext isn’t limited to dialogue—it can also be conveyed through actions, gestures, and visual storytelling.
- Examples:
- In The Dark Knight, Joker’s casual destruction of a hospital speaks to his chaotic philosophy without needing explicit explanation.
- In Marriage Story, Nicole’s haircut subtly reflects her emotional transformation and newfound independence.
- How to Do It:
- Think about how characters’ actions can reveal what they’re not saying.
- Use props, body language, or setting to communicate subtext visually.
5. Subtext in Scene Structure
Every scene in your screenplay can benefit from subtext. Instead of focusing solely on what’s happening on the surface, consider what’s happening beneath it.
- Example: In Breaking Bad, Walt and Skyler’s breakfast scenes are often mundane on the surface but brimming with tension and unspoken conflict.
- How to Do It:
- Identify the surface conflict and the underlying emotional stakes.
- Layer in subtext through setting, dialogue, and character actions.
6. Avoiding Overuse of Subtext
While subtext adds richness to your script, overusing it can make your story feel vague or inaccessible.
- Tips for Balance:
- Use subtext to enhance key emotional beats, but don’t obscure critical plot points.
- Ensure your characters’ intentions are clear enough for the audience to follow the story.
- Pair subtext with moments of clarity to keep your script grounded.
FAQs About Subtext in Screenwriting
How do I know if my subtext is effective?
Share your script with trusted readers or workshop it in a table read. If they pick up on the emotions or conflicts without you explaining them, your subtext is working.
Can subtext replace explicit dialogue?
Not always. Use subtext to add depth, but make sure your main story beats are clear.
What’s the difference between subtle subtext and confusing writing?
Subtext should enhance your story, not obscure it. If readers are confused, revise to ensure the main emotional and plot threads remain clear.
Resources for Writing Subtext
- Save the Cat!: Learn how to structure scenes with emotional depth.
- MasterClass: Aaron Sorkin Teaches Screenwriting: Sorkin dives into writing layered, compelling dialogue.
- Scriptnotes Podcast: Episodes often explore subtext and screenwriting techniques.
Final Thoughts: The Power of Saying Less
Subtext is the unsung hero of great screenwriting. By focusing on what’s unsaid, you can create a script that feels authentic, engaging, and emotionally rich. Remember, the best scripts don’t tell audiences what to think or feel—they invite them to discover it for themselves.
